Geotechnical engineers harness a critical role in detecting subsurface voids, which incur significant challenges to the stability and efficacy of structures. These hidden cavities can originate from various causes, such as geological formations, dissolution, or human activities. Leveraging a suite of investigative techniques, including geophysical

Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical design. Accurately mapping these voids is crucial for ensuring the safety of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity analysis, offer hi

Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral resources. By employing various physical methods, geologists can probe beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation of phy